DB37/782-2007 包装用纸和纸板单位产品综合能耗限额
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基本信息
| 标准名称： | 包装用纸和纸板单位产品综合能耗限额 |
| 发布日期： | 2007-11-23 |
| 实施日期： | 2008-01-01 |
| 首发日期： | |
| 作废日期： | |
| 主管部门： | 山东省质量技术监督局 |
| 出版社： | 中国标准出版社 |
| 出版日期： | 2008-01-01 |
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所属分类： 化工技术 化工生产
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【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforDeterminingResistanceofSolarCollectorCoverstoHailbyImpactWithPropelledIceBalls
【原文标准名称】:用发射冰球法测定太阳能收集器覆盖材料对冰雹冲击抗力的标准实施规程
【标准号】:ASTME822-1992(2009)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1992
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E44.05
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:hail;iceballs;impact;impactresistance;solarcollector;Covermaterials--solarcollectors;Hail;Iceballs;Impactresistance;Propellediceballs;Solarcollectors
【摘要】:Inmanygeographicareasthereisconcernabouttheeffectoffallinghailuponsolarcollectorcovers.Thispracticemaybeusedtodeterminetheabilityofflat-platesolarcollectorcoverstowithstandtheimpactforcesofhailstones.Inthispractice,theabilityofasolarcollectorcoverplatetowithstandhailimpactisrelatedtoitstestedabilitytowithstandimpactfromiceballs.Theeffectsoftheimpactonthematerialarehighlyvariableanddependentuponthematerial.Thispracticedescribesastandardprocedureformountingthetestspecimen,conductingtheimpacttest,andreportingtheeffects.Theproceduresformountingcoverplatematerialsandcollectorsareprovidedtoensurethattheyaretestedinaconfigurationthatrelatestotheiruseinasolarcollector.Thecornerlocationsofthefourimpactsarechosentorepresentvulnerablesitesonthecoverplate.Impactsnearcornersupportsaremorecriticalthanimpactselsewhere.Onlyasingleimpactisspecifiedateachoftheimpactlocations.Fortestcontrolpurposes,multipleimpactsinasinglelocationarenotpermittedbecauseasubcriticalimpactmaystillcausedamagethatwouldaltertheresponsetosubsequentimpacts.Resultantvelocityisusedtosimulatethevelocitythatmaybereachedbyhailaccompaniedbywind.Theresultantvelocityusedinthispracticeisdeterminedbyvectoradditionofa20m/s(45mph)horizontalvelocitytotheverticalterminalvelocity.Iceballsareusedinthispracticetosimulatehailstonesbecausenaturalhailstonesarenotreadilyavailabletouse,andiceballscloselyapproximatehailstones.However,nodirectrelationshiphasbeenestablishedbetweentheeffectofimpactoficeballsandhailstones.Hailstonesarehighlyvariableinpropertiessuchasshape,density,andfrangibility.Thesepropertiesaffectfactorssuchasthekineticenergydeliveredtothecoverplate,theperiodduringwhichenergyisdelivered,andtheareaoverwhichtheenergyisdistributed.Iceballs,withadensity,frangibility,andterminalvelocityneartherangeofhailstones,arethenearesthailstoneapproximationknownatthistime.Perhapsthemajordifferencebetweeniceballsandhailstonesisthathailstonesaremuchmorevariablethaniceballs.However,iceballscanbeuniformlyandrepeatedlymanufacturedtoensureaprojectilewithknownproperties.Awiderangeofobservableeffectsmaybeproducedbyimpactingthevarioustypesofcoverplatematerials.Theeffectsmayvaryfromnoeffecttototaldestruction.Somechangesinthecovermaterialmaybevisiblewhenthereisnoapparentfunctionalimpairmentofthecoverplatematerial.Alleffectsofeachimpactmustbedescribedinthereportsothatanestimateoftheirsignificancecanbemade.Datageneratedusingthispracticemaybeused:(1)toevaluateimpactresistanceofasinglematerialorcollector,(2)tocomparetheimpactresistanceofseveralmaterialsorcollectors,(3)toprovideacommonbasisforselectionofcovermaterialsorcollectorsforuseinvariousgeographicareas,or(4)toevaluatechangesinimpactresistanceduetoenvironmentalfactorssuchasweather.Thispracticedoesnotstatethesize(s)oficeball(s)tobeusedinmakingtheimpact.Eitherthepersonrequestingthetestorthepersonperformingthetestmustdetermineiceballsizetobeusedinthetesting.Choiceoficeballsizemayrelatetotheintentofthetesting.Ifthetestingisbeingperformedtoevaluateimpactresistanceofasinglematerialorcollector,orseveralmaterialsorcollectors,itmaybedesirabletorepeatthetestusingseveralsizesoficeballs.Inthismannerthedifferenteffectsofvarioussizesoficeball......
【中国标准分类号】:F12
【国际标准分类号】:27_160
【页数】:5P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语
【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquation
【原文标准名称】:用四变量方程计算十六烷指数的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD4737-2004
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2004
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D02.E0.02
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:试验;数学计算;润滑剂;石油产品;指数;十六烷值
【英文主题词】:cetane;cetaneindex;dieselfuel
【摘要】:TheCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationisusefulforestimatingASTMcetanenumberwhenatestengineisnotavailablefordeterminingthispropertydirectlyandwhencetaneimproverisnotused.Itmaybeconvenientlyemployedforestimatingcetanenumberwhenthequantityofsampleavailableistoosmallforanenginerating.IncaseswheretheASTMcetanenumberofafuelhasbeenpreviouslyestablished,theCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationisusefulasacetanenumbercheckonsubsequentbatchesofthatfuel,providedthefuel’sourceandmodeofmanufactureremainunchanged.Withintherangefrom32.5to56.5cetanenumber,theexpectederrorofpredictionofProcedureAoftheCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationwillbelessthanx00B1;2cetanenumbersfor65%ofthedistillatefuelsevaluated.Errorsmaybegreaterforfuelswhosepropertiesfalloutsidetherecommendedrangeofapplication.DESIG:D473703^TITLE:StandardTestMethodforCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquation^1.1ThecalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationprovidesameansforestimatingtheASTMcetanenumber(TestMethodD613)ofdistillatefuelsfromdensityanddistillationrecoverytemperaturemeasurements.ThevaluecomputedfromtheequationistermedtheCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquation.1.2TheCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationisnotanoptionalmethodforexpressingASTMcetanenumber.ItisasupplementarytoolforestimatingcetanenumberwhenaresultbyTestMethodD613isnotavailableandifcetaneimproverisnotused.Asasupplementarytool,theCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableequationmustbeusedwithdueregardforitslimitations.1.3ProcedureAistobeusedforSpecificationD975,GradesNo.1-DLowSulfur,No.1-D,No.2-D,andNo.4-D.ThismethodforestimatingcetanenumberwasdevelopedbyChevronResearchCo.ProcedureAisbasedonadatasetincludingarelativelysmallnumberofNo.1-Dfuels.TestMethodD4737maybelessapplicabletoNo.1-D,No.1-DLowSulfurandNo.4-DgradesthantoNo.2-Dgrade.1.4ProcedureBistobeusedforSpecificationD975,GradeNo.2-DLowSulfur.1.5Thetestmethod"CalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquation"isparticularlyapplicabletoGrade1-D,GradeNo.1-DLowSulfurandGrade2-Ddieselfueloilscontainingstraight-runandcrackedstocks,andtheirblends.Itcanalsobeusedforheavierfuelswith90%recoverypointslessthan382Candforfuelscontainingderivativesfromoilsandsandoilshale.1.6ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareforinformationonly.1.7Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:E31
【国际标准分类号】:75_160_20
【页数】:4P.;A4
【正文语种】:
【原文标准名称】:用发射冰球法测定太阳能收集器覆盖材料对冰雹冲击抗力的标准实施规程
【标准号】:ASTME822-1992(2009)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1992
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E44.05
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:hail;iceballs;impact;impactresistance;solarcollector;Covermaterials--solarcollectors;Hail;Iceballs;Impactresistance;Propellediceballs;Solarcollectors
【摘要】:Inmanygeographicareasthereisconcernabouttheeffectoffallinghailuponsolarcollectorcovers.Thispracticemaybeusedtodeterminetheabilityofflat-platesolarcollectorcoverstowithstandtheimpactforcesofhailstones.Inthispractice,theabilityofasolarcollectorcoverplatetowithstandhailimpactisrelatedtoitstestedabilitytowithstandimpactfromiceballs.Theeffectsoftheimpactonthematerialarehighlyvariableanddependentuponthematerial.Thispracticedescribesastandardprocedureformountingthetestspecimen,conductingtheimpacttest,andreportingtheeffects.Theproceduresformountingcoverplatematerialsandcollectorsareprovidedtoensurethattheyaretestedinaconfigurationthatrelatestotheiruseinasolarcollector.Thecornerlocationsofthefourimpactsarechosentorepresentvulnerablesitesonthecoverplate.Impactsnearcornersupportsaremorecriticalthanimpactselsewhere.Onlyasingleimpactisspecifiedateachoftheimpactlocations.Fortestcontrolpurposes,multipleimpactsinasinglelocationarenotpermittedbecauseasubcriticalimpactmaystillcausedamagethatwouldaltertheresponsetosubsequentimpacts.Resultantvelocityisusedtosimulatethevelocitythatmaybereachedbyhailaccompaniedbywind.Theresultantvelocityusedinthispracticeisdeterminedbyvectoradditionofa20m/s(45mph)horizontalvelocitytotheverticalterminalvelocity.Iceballsareusedinthispracticetosimulatehailstonesbecausenaturalhailstonesarenotreadilyavailabletouse,andiceballscloselyapproximatehailstones.However,nodirectrelationshiphasbeenestablishedbetweentheeffectofimpactoficeballsandhailstones.Hailstonesarehighlyvariableinpropertiessuchasshape,density,andfrangibility.Thesepropertiesaffectfactorssuchasthekineticenergydeliveredtothecoverplate,theperiodduringwhichenergyisdelivered,andtheareaoverwhichtheenergyisdistributed.Iceballs,withadensity,frangibility,andterminalvelocityneartherangeofhailstones,arethenearesthailstoneapproximationknownatthistime.Perhapsthemajordifferencebetweeniceballsandhailstonesisthathailstonesaremuchmorevariablethaniceballs.However,iceballscanbeuniformlyandrepeatedlymanufacturedtoensureaprojectilewithknownproperties.Awiderangeofobservableeffectsmaybeproducedbyimpactingthevarioustypesofcoverplatematerials.Theeffectsmayvaryfromnoeffecttototaldestruction.Somechangesinthecovermaterialmaybevisiblewhenthereisnoapparentfunctionalimpairmentofthecoverplatematerial.Alleffectsofeachimpactmustbedescribedinthereportsothatanestimateoftheirsignificancecanbemade.Datageneratedusingthispracticemaybeused:(1)toevaluateimpactresistanceofasinglematerialorcollector,(2)tocomparetheimpactresistanceofseveralmaterialsorcollectors,(3)toprovideacommonbasisforselectionofcovermaterialsorcollectorsforuseinvariousgeographicareas,or(4)toevaluatechangesinimpactresistanceduetoenvironmentalfactorssuchasweather.Thispracticedoesnotstatethesize(s)oficeball(s)tobeusedinmakingtheimpact.Eitherthepersonrequestingthetestorthepersonperformingthetestmustdetermineiceballsizetobeusedinthetesting.Choiceoficeballsizemayrelatetotheintentofthetesting.Ifthetestingisbeingperformedtoevaluateimpactresistanceofasinglematerialorcollector,orseveralmaterialsorcollectors,itmaybedesirabletorepeatthetestusingseveralsizesoficeballs.Inthismannerthedifferenteffectsofvarioussizesoficeball......
【中国标准分类号】:F12
【国际标准分类号】:27_160
【页数】:5P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语
【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquation
【原文标准名称】:用四变量方程计算十六烷指数的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD4737-2004
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2004
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D02.E0.02
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:试验;数学计算;润滑剂;石油产品;指数;十六烷值
【英文主题词】:cetane;cetaneindex;dieselfuel
【摘要】:TheCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationisusefulforestimatingASTMcetanenumberwhenatestengineisnotavailablefordeterminingthispropertydirectlyandwhencetaneimproverisnotused.Itmaybeconvenientlyemployedforestimatingcetanenumberwhenthequantityofsampleavailableistoosmallforanenginerating.IncaseswheretheASTMcetanenumberofafuelhasbeenpreviouslyestablished,theCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationisusefulasacetanenumbercheckonsubsequentbatchesofthatfuel,providedthefuel’sourceandmodeofmanufactureremainunchanged.Withintherangefrom32.5to56.5cetanenumber,theexpectederrorofpredictionofProcedureAoftheCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationwillbelessthanx00B1;2cetanenumbersfor65%ofthedistillatefuelsevaluated.Errorsmaybegreaterforfuelswhosepropertiesfalloutsidetherecommendedrangeofapplication.DESIG:D473703^TITLE:StandardTestMethodforCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquation^1.1ThecalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationprovidesameansforestimatingtheASTMcetanenumber(TestMethodD613)ofdistillatefuelsfromdensityanddistillationrecoverytemperaturemeasurements.ThevaluecomputedfromtheequationistermedtheCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquation.1.2TheCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquationisnotanoptionalmethodforexpressingASTMcetanenumber.ItisasupplementarytoolforestimatingcetanenumberwhenaresultbyTestMethodD613isnotavailableandifcetaneimproverisnotused.Asasupplementarytool,theCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableequationmustbeusedwithdueregardforitslimitations.1.3ProcedureAistobeusedforSpecificationD975,GradesNo.1-DLowSulfur,No.1-D,No.2-D,andNo.4-D.ThismethodforestimatingcetanenumberwasdevelopedbyChevronResearchCo.ProcedureAisbasedonadatasetincludingarelativelysmallnumberofNo.1-Dfuels.TestMethodD4737maybelessapplicabletoNo.1-D,No.1-DLowSulfurandNo.4-DgradesthantoNo.2-Dgrade.1.4ProcedureBistobeusedforSpecificationD975,GradeNo.2-DLowSulfur.1.5Thetestmethod"CalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariableEquation"isparticularlyapplicabletoGrade1-D,GradeNo.1-DLowSulfurandGrade2-Ddieselfueloilscontainingstraight-runandcrackedstocks,andtheirblends.Itcanalsobeusedforheavierfuelswith90%recoverypointslessthan382Candforfuelscontainingderivativesfromoilsandsandoilshale.1.6ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareforinformationonly.1.7Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:E31
【国际标准分类号】:75_160_20
【页数】:4P.;A4
【正文语种】: